"The Poles of the Western World"

Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit ist eine Medienanalyse, die sich mit der Darstellung osteuropäischer Einwanderer in drei irischen Zeitungen – Irish Times, Sunday Independent und Irish News - im Zeitraum zwischen Mai 2004 und Dezember 2006 befasst. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit ist auf die Darstellung historischer, politischer und religiöser Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Irland und Osteuropa gerichtet. Diese Gemeinsamkeiten waren im 19. Jahrhunderte, zu einer Zeit als Irland und verschiedene osteuropäische Länder beträchtliche Parallelen aufwiesen, in irischen Medien vielfach hervorgestrichen worden. Der Analyseteil dieser Diplomarbeit gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Im ersten Teil wird der Frage nach der Darstellung historischer, kultureller und religiöser Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Irland und Osteuropa nachgegangen. Es wird dabei klar, dass eine Art longue durée gegeben haben dürfte, da Verweise auf historische Parallelen zwischen den beiden Regionen zum wiederholten Male vorkamen. Schlussendlich wurde klar, dass besonders Irlands eigene Erfahrung von Emigration eine reichliche Quelle für Vergleiche bat. Es wurde von vielen Journalisten von der Tatsache, dass jahrhundertelang viel Iren nach Amerika und Großbritannien auswanderten, eine moralische Verpflichtung abgeleitet, Fremden gegenüber großzügig und mitfühlend zu sein Der zweite Teil der Inhaltsanalyse beschäftigt sich mit der Darstellung osteuropäischer Einwanderer als wirtschaftlicher Faktor. Dieser Diskurs beschränkte sich zumeist auf eine einfache Kosten-Nutzen Rechnung, die dem vorrangigen Ziel des anhaltenden Wirtschaftswachstums alles andere unterordnete. Einwanderer wurden daher nur als eine volkswirtschaftliche Variable gesehen, die unter den gegebenen Umständen positiv ist, bei veränderter Wirtschaftslage aber auch negativ sein könnte. Diese Konzentration auf ökonomische Aspekte wurde jedoch auch von verschiedenen Seiten in Frage gestellt.This thesis is a media analysis with evaluates the representation of Eastern European immigrants in three Irish Newspapers – The Irish Times, The Sunday Independent and The Irish News - in the period between May 2004 and December 2006. Particular attention is focused on the perception of historical, political and religious similarities between Ireland and Eastern Europe. These similarities were often highlighted in Irish media in the 19th century, at a time when Ireland and various Eastern European countries had significant parallels. The analysis part of this thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part the representation of historical, cultural and religious similarities between Ireland and Eastern Europe were investigated. It became clear that a longue durée must have happened because references to historical parallels between the two regions occurred frequently. Eventually Ireland's own experience of emigration was often the source of comparison. Many journalists derived from the fact that for centuries many Irish people emigrated to America and Great Britain a moral obligation to be generous and compassionate to contemporary immigrants. The second part of the content analysis focuses on the representation of Eastern European immigrants as an economic commodity. This discourse was limited mostly to a simple cost-benefit calculation, which subordinates everything else to continuing economic growth. Immigrants were therefore seen simply as an economic variable that was positive under the current economic circumstances, but could easily be negative if the economic situation changed. This concentration on economic aspects, however, was also criticised from various journalists

Stärkung der biologischen Landwirtschaft in Österreich bis 2030

Die Entwicklung der biologischen Landwirtschaft in Österreich kann als Erfolgsgeschichte bezeichnet werden: Aktuell werden in Österreich 26% der landwirtschaftlich genutzten Fläche und 22% der Betriebe biologisch bewirtschaftet (BMLRT 2020). Auf Ebene der Bio-Primärproduktion ist Österreich Spitzenreiter innerhalb der EU. Auch das Gesamtvolumen des Biomarktes stieg kontinuierlich über die letzten Jahre. Bei den Haushaltseinkäufen lag der Bio-Anteil (laut RollAMA Haushaltspanel) im ersten Halbjahr 2020 über 10%. Bei manchen Produktgruppen liegt der Anteil auch deutlich darüber, wie bei Frischmilch (25%), Eiern (22%) oder Kartoffeln (18%). Die Förderung der biologischen Landwirtschaft hat positive Effekte auf verschiedene übergeordnete Ziele der Bundesregierung bezüglich Nachhaltigkeit, Klimaschutz, Biodiversitätsförderung, Umwelt- und Bodenschutz sowie artgerechte Tierhaltung und Tiergesundheit. Die biologische Wirtschaftsweise nimmt eine Vorreiterrolle für eine dringend notwendige Ökologisierung der gesamten Landwirtschaft und Lebensmittelproduktion ein. Bei all diesen positiven Aspekten ist die weitere Entwicklung der biologischen Landwirtschaft in Österreich kein Selbstläufer. Das weitere Wachstum im Biobereich setzt eine Ausgewogenheit zwischen Angebot und Nachfrage sowie eine entsprechende Gestaltung der agrarpolitischen Rahmenbedingungen voraus. Für einen anhaltend hohen bzw. weiter steigenden Absatz an Bioprodukten wird in Zukunft vor allem der Inlandsmarkt und wahrscheinlich in geringerem Ausmaß der Export von Bedeutung sein. Die Wachstumsraten der Bioproduktion in den osteuropäischen Ländern weisen auf eine starke Konkurrenz am internationalen Biomarkt hin. Ebenso gibt es in diversen europäischen Ländern ambitionierte politische Programme, um die jeweilige nationale Bioproduktion zu steigern. Unter diesen Rahmenbedingungen wird deutlich, dass es für die zukünftige Entwicklung der biologischen Landwirtschaft in Österreich weitere zielgerichtete Maßnahmen braucht. Das Bundesministerium für Landwirtschaft, Regionen und Tourismus (BMLRT) hat das Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau FiBL beauftragt, Vorschläge für Handlungsoptionen und konkrete Maßnahmen für die weitere Entwicklung der biologischen Landwirtschaft in Österreich bis 2030 zu formulieren. Das in dieser Studie definierte, übergeordnete Ziel für die Entwicklung der biologischen Landwirtschaft in Österreich bis 2030 ist es, ein deutliches und zugleich ausgewogenes Wachstum über die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette zu ermöglichen

Pneumocephalus as result of nonsurgical peri‐implantitis treatment with an air‐polishing device for submucosal debridement : a case report

Background: A subcutaneous emphysema is an infrequent but potentially life‐ threatening complication after dental treatment involving instruments functioning with pressurized air. Emphysemata after the use of high‐speed handpieces and air‐ syringes are well documented, however, more recently several reports on emphysemata produced by air‐polishing devices during management of peri‐ implant biological complications have appeared. To the best of our knowledge, direct development of pneumocephalus after a dental procedure has never been reported before. Introduction of air likely contaminated with oral bacteria to the intracranial space bares the risk of developing meningitis. Case Presentation: This case report describes the spreading of a subcutaneous emphysema into the intracranial space (i.e., development of a pneumocephalus) after treatment of a peri‐implantitis lesion with an air‐polishing device equipped with the nozzle for submucosal debridement. A subcutaneous emphysema was noticed during the use of an air‐polishing device and the subsequent computed tomogra- phy (CT) examination revealed a quite unexpected spreading of the emphysema into the intracranial space. The patient was admitted to the hospital for close surveillance, CT follow‐up, and intravenous antibiotics to prevent the development of meningitis due to the introduction of air—likely contaminated with oral bacteria— into the intracranial space. After 3 days, the patient was discharged in good condition without any further complications. Conclusion: In case of an extensive subcutaneous emphysema as result of a dental procedure, a more extended radiographic examination including the mediastinal and cranial space should be considered, to assess the risk for potentially life‐threatening complications

Timeframe of socket corticalization after tooth extraction : A retrospective radiographic study

Background The formation of a hard-tissue bridge covering the tooth extraction socket is termed corticalization. In dogs this process takes >60d, however, this process has hardly been investigated in humans. Recent reports have indicated increased primary implant stability and reduced bone strain after immediate implant loading in the presence of a (thick) cortical layer, thus, knowledge of the timeframe between tooth extraction and hard-tissue bridging of the extraction socket appears clinically relevant in some situations. Aim/Hypothesis To determine the timeframe between tooth extraction and radiographically detectable corticalization of the socket in humans and to evaluate the possible impact of various factors on this process, e.g., history of periodontitis, smoking status, systemic disease, medications, etc. Material and Methods Two-hundred-fifty patients with a CT scan μ 8804, 36 months after tooth extraction and without any manipulation at the extraction site were included. Three orthoradial multiplanar reconstruction slices per extraction socket were scored, by a single calibrated examiner, regarding the degree of corticalization as: (a) healed, i.e., complete/continuous corticalization of the socket entrance, or (b) non-healed. Thereafter, each extraction socket was classified as (1) non-corticalized, i.e., all 3 slices classified as non-healed, (2) partially corticalized, i.e., 1 or 2 slices classified as non-healed, or (3) corticalized, i.e., all 3 slices classified as healed (Figure 1). The possible effect of several independent parameters, i.e., age, gender, timeframe between tooth extraction and CT scan, tooth type, periodontal status, gap dimension, smoking status, presence of any systemic disease, and medication intake, on the corticalization status was statistically evaluated. Results Three to 6 months after tooth extraction, 27% of the sockets were judged as non-corticalized, and 53% were judged as partially corticalized. After 9 to 12 months, >80% of the sockets were corticalized, but some non-corticalized sockets were detected up to 15 months post-extraction (Figure 2). Each additional month after tooth extraction contributed significantly to higher likelihood of a corticalized socket (OR 1.645, 95% CIs 1.471–1.841, P < 0.001). Periodontal attachment loss of μ 8805, 75% significantly prolonged corticalization time, i.e., teeth with <75% attachment loss were judged more often as corticalized (OR 1.984, 95% CIs 1.011–3.896, P = 0.047). No other independent variable had a significant effect on corticalization status. Conclusions and Clinical Implications Three to 6 months after tooth extraction one out of 4 sockets was still completely non corticalized, and only 9 to 12 months after tooth extraction complete corticalization was observed in about 80% of the sockets. The results, indicating a considerably long timeframe until corticalization of extraction sockets, imply that in cases where immediate loading requiring high primary implant stability is considered, waiting μ 8805,9 months post-extraction appears advisable

Is a simple rational classification of maxillary sinus dimensions applicable?

Background Maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) with autologous bone and/or bone substitutes is a reliable procedure to develop an implant site. Loss of augmentation volume during the healing period seems to be dependent on the type of graft material and possibly on the sinus dimensions/morphology, e.g. a larger distance between the buccal and palatal sinus wall (i.e. “wide” sinus) might delay graft consolidation due to a longer distance angiogenic/osteogenic factors and cells need to cover to populate the graft. Aim/Hypothesis To assess the bucco-palatal width of the maxillary sinus in the premolar and molar region and any possible differences due to tooth region, gender, tooth-gap extent, and residual alveolar bone dimensions. Further, to attempt a rational, simple sinus classification based on its bucco-palatal width. Material and Methods CTs of the posterior maxilla were divided depending on tooth-gap extent into (a) edentulous, and (b) 1- or 2-tooth gap. Sites presenting on the CT >5 mm of the maxillary sinus, no previous augmentation procedures and/or oro-antral communication were included. A central orthoradial multiplanar reconstruction slice from each edentulous tooth site was chosen by a calibrated examiner to record the following parameters: (i) alveolar bone height (ABH), (ii) alveolar bone area (ABA), (iii) alveolar bone width (ABW) 2 mm apical to the alveolar crest (ABW2), (iv) ABW at the sinus floor (ABWS), (v) bucco-palatal sinus width (SW) and (vi) sinus area (SA) at a level 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mm above the sinus floor (SW2/SA2, SW4/SA4, etc.) (Figure 1). Based on mean values (i.e. 75th percentile and 67th percentile) the sinus was classified as narrow, average, and wide, respectively, to attempt a simple sinus classification. Results Eighty-six partially dentate and 76 edentulous quadrants contributed with 383 tooth sites (58 first and 97 second premolars, 129 first and 99 second molars). Alveolar bone and sinus parameters did not differ depending on tooth-gap extent and gender, but differed significantly depending on tooth site, i.e. ABH and ABA was smallest at the first molar, and ABW, ABWS, SW, and SA were significantly larger at the molars. Further, ABW correlated significantly with SW and SA. High variability in SW among the various levels within the same tooth site, as well as high variability among tooth sites within the same person was observed, i.e. in >50% of the cases, sinus classification (i.e., narrow, average, or wide) varied depending on SW height level (Table 1) and among tooth sites within each patient. Conclusions and Clinical Implications Maxillary sinus bucco-palatal width varies significantly among the various height levels within the same tooth site and among tooth sites within the same person. A rational, simple classification of each sinus as narrow, average, or wide was not applicable

Variation in bucco-palatal maxillary sinus width does not permit a meaningful sinus classification

ObjectivesThe bucco-palatal sinus width (SW) appears as relevant factor for graft consolidation after maxillary sinus (MS) floor augmentation. The present study aimed to assess a) SW at different height levels of posterior teeth, b) possible factors influencing SW, and c) whether a simple/meaningful sinus classification based on SW is possible.MethodsThe following parameters were recorded on computed tomographies of 76 edentulous and 86 partially edentulous maxillary quadrants displaying 383 tooth sites in total: i) alveolar ridge height, ii) -area, iii) -width 2mm apical to the alveolar crest, iv) -width at the sinus floor, and v) SW and sinus area at a level 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10mm above the sinus floor. The possible influence of gender, tooth position [i.e., premolar (PM); molar (M)], tooth-gap extent, and residual alveolar ridge dimensions on SW was assessed. Further, based on percentiles of average values or on the frequency distribution of SW 15mm, it was attempted to classify the sinus at each given site into narrow, average, or wide.ResultsGender and tooth-gap extent presented no relevant impact on MS dimensions; however, significant differences were observed among the various tooth positions regarding all evaluated parameters. The lower the residual alveolar ridge, the wider the MS at 4-10mm height, while the wider the residual alveolar ridge, the wider the MS. Large variation in SW classes among the different height levels within the same tooth position and among tooth positions within the same person was observed, irrespective of the threshold applied. Further, at a MS height of 10mm at PM1, PM2, M1, and M2, SW was 15mm.ConclusionsThere is a large variation in SW depending on the height level within the sinus and on tooth position, which does not permit a simple/meaningful classification of each sinus as “narrow”, “average”, or “wide”. Nevertheless, narrow sinuses (15mm) in the molar region; further, a wider and shorter residual alveolar ridge is associated with a wider SW

Alveolar bone resorption after primary tooth loss has a negative impact on straightforward implant installation in patients with agenesis of the lower second premolar

Objectives: To compare the alveolar bone dimensions in patients with lower second premolar (P2) agenesis prior to and after primary molar loss on CT scans, and assess the possibility for straightforward implant placement. Methods: Alveolar bone dimensions were evaluated on 150 mandibular CT scans in three groups: (i) agenesis of P2, with the primary tooth in situ, and regularly erupted first premolar (P1) and molar (M1) (AW); (ii) agenesis of P2, without the primary tooth in situ for ≥3m, but regularly erupted P1 and M1 (AWO); and (iii) P1, P2, and M1 regularly erupted (CTR). The possibility of straightforward placement of an implant 3.5 or 4.3 mm in Ø × 10 mm long was digitally simulated and compared to the actually performed treatment. Results: Buccolingual width (7.3 ± 2.0 mm) at the coronal aspect of the ridge in the AWO group was statistically significantly smaller comparing with both the AW (9.2 ± 1.4 mm) and the CTR (9.5 ± 1.1 mm) group; width reduction appeared to be mainly due to “collapse” of the buccal aspect of the ridge. Simulated straightforward placement of implants with a diameter of 3.5 or 4.3 mm was possible in 62% and 56% of the cases in the AWO vs. 86% and 84% in the AW group (p = .006 and .002, respectively). Straightforward implant placement was actually possible in all patients (22) in the AW group, while 28% (11 of 39) of the patients in the AWO group needed additional hard tissue augmentation. Conclusions: Significant dimensional differences exist in the alveolar ridge, especially in the coronal part, at lower P2 agenesis sites missing the primary tooth for ≥3m, when compared to P2 agenesis sites with the primary tooth in situ. It seems thus reasonable to advise that the primary second molar should be kept as long as possible, in order to facilitate straightforward implant installation and reduce the probability of additional bone augmentation procedures